Translational mitochondrial medicine applies the knowledge of experimental medicine in clinical practice, it is a prospective direction of the development of mitochondrial medicine. The monograph Translational Mitochondrial Medicine was created on the basis of rapidly developing new information about mitochondrial diseases and their disorders, is a revised and supplemented edition of the monographs: Mitochondrial Medicine, ed. A. Gvozdjáková, Springer, 2008 and Recent Advances in Mitochondrial Medicine and Coenzyme Q10, eds. A. Gvozdjáková, G. Cornélissen, RB Singh, NOVA Science, USA, 2018. The monograph was created as part of the book series Advances in biochemistry in health and disease, edited by prof. Naranjan Dhalla of Winnipeg, for which we are grateful.The bookTranslational Mitochondrial Medicine contributes to the elucidation of the pathobiochemical mechanisms of various diseases, provides current information on the prospective application of the latest diagnostic approaches and targeted therapy of mitochondrial diseases.Perspective mtDNA diagnostic methods include new technologies based on NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) to identify new genes associated with mitochondrial diseases. With the help of the high resolution respirometry method (HRR), it is possible to record even the most subtle deviations of the bioenergetics of mitochondria in blood cells, it contributes to the monitoring of the used daily doses of drugs in patients with various diseases. Determination of the endogenous level of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in platelets is a key method to improve the diagnosis and targeted therapy of damaged mitochondrial bioenergetics. Perspective therapeutic strategies for damaged mitochondria include mitochondrial transplantation, plasma therapy, mitochondrial nanotherapy, weight reduction in obesity, spa rehabilitation, the influence of molecular hydrogen and oxygen therapy. Targeted therapeutic methods for dysfunctional mitochondria and CoQ10 deficiency include supplementation with CoQ10, antioxidants and vitamins.This volume is intended for researchers and physicians looking for new prospective diagnostic approaches and targeted therapies for dysfunctional mitochondria in their patients.