As per ER-20 more attention is to be given on attainment of required competency to acquire expertise on medications so that after successful completion of the concerned program the student is able to provide an expert opinion on medications to health care professionals on safe and effective use of drugs.B Under ER-20, guidelines of practical pharmacology clearly mention that the animals shall not be used for doing or demonstrating the experiments listed in syllabus. So the concept of experimental pharmacology would be clear by using software programs like Ex-Pharm or any other software advised by the concerned subject teachers. ER-20 provides pre-clinical experiments both in vivo which includes study of effects of anaesthetic, mydriatic and miotic, analgesic and pyrogen testing. In vitro the curriculum includes study of effects of CNS acting drugs and also have to perform the effects of drugs on isolated organ (heart) and tissue (buccal cavity).This manual includes 12 practical experiments on various topics like narcotic analgesics, drugs acting on CNS and heart, local anaesthetics, mydriatic and miotic drugs, muscle relaxants, pyrogen test, etc. Report an issue with this product